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Europe Solidaire Sans Frontières

    • Issues
      • Health (Issues)
        • Epidemics, pandemics (health, Issues)
          • AIDS / HIV (Health)
          • Dengue (epidemics, health)
          • Mpox / Monkeypox (epidemics, health)
          • Poliomyelitis (epidemics, health)
          • Respiratory viral infections (epidemics, health)
          • Tuberculosis (epidemics, health)
        • Health and Climate crisis
        • Tobacco (health)
      • Individuals
        • Franz Fanon
        • Michael Löwy
      • Solidarity
        • Solidarity: ESSF campaigns
          • ESSF financial solidarity – Global balance sheets
          • Funds (ESSF)
          • Global Appeals
          • Bangladesh (ESSF)
          • Burma, Myanmar (ESSF)
          • Indonesia (ESSF)
          • Japan (ESSF)
          • Malaysia (ESSF)
          • Nepal (ESSF)
          • Pakistan (ESSF)
          • Philippines (ESSF)
        • Solidarity: Geo-politics of Humanitarian Relief
        • Solidarity: Humanitarian and development CSOs
        • Solidarity: Humanitarian Disasters
        • Solidarity: Humanitarian response: methodologies and principles
        • Solidarity: Political economy of disaster
      • Capitalism & globalisation
        • History (Capitalism)
      • Civilisation & identities
        • Civilisation & Identities: unity, equality
      • Ecology (Theory)
        • Global Crisis / Polycrisis (ecology)
        • Growth / Degrowth (Ecology)
        • Animals’ Condition (Ecology)
        • Biodiversity (Ecology)
        • Climate (Ecology)
        • Commodity (Ecology)
        • Ecology, technology: Transport
        • Energy (Ecology)
        • Energy (nuclear) (Ecology)
          • Chernobyl (Ecology)
        • Forests (ecology)
        • Technology (Ecology)
        • Water (Ecology)
      • Agriculture
        • GMO & co. (Agriculture)
      • Commons
      • Communication and politics, Media, Social Networks
      • Culture and Politics
        • Sinéad O’Connor
      • Democracy
      • Development
        • Demography (Development)
        • Extractivism (Development)
        • Growth and Degrowth (Development)
      • Education (Theory)
      • Faith, religious authorities, secularism
        • Family, women (Religion, churches, secularism)
          • Religion, churches, secularism: Reproductive rights
        • Abused Children (Religion, churches, secularism)
        • Blasphemy (Faith, religious authorities, secularism)
        • Creationism (Religion, churches, secularism)
        • History (Religion, churches, secularism)
        • LGBT+ (Religion, churches, secularism)
        • Liberation Theology
          • Gustavo Gutiérrez
        • Marxism (Religion, churches, secularism)
        • Political Islam, Islamism (Religion, churches, secularism)
        • Secularism, laïcity
        • The veil (faith, religious authorities, secularism)
        • Vatican
          • Francis / Jorge Mario Bergoglio
      • Fascism, extreme right
      • Gender: Women
      • History
        • History: E. P. Thompson
      • Holocaust and Genocide Studies
      • Imperialism (theory)
      • Information Technology (IT)
      • Internationalism (issues)
        • Solidarity: Pandemics, epidemics (health, internationalism)
      • Jewish Question
        • History (Jewish Question)
      • Labor & Social Movements
      • Language
      • Law
        • Exceptional powers (Law)
        • Religious arbitration forums (Law)
        • Rules of war
        • War crimes, genocide (international law)
        • Women, family (Law)
      • LGBT+ (Theory)
      • Marxism & co.
        • Theory (Marxism & co.)
        • Postcolonial Studies / Postcolonialism (Marxism & co.)
        • Identity Politics (Marxism & co.)
        • Intersectionality (Marxism & co.)
        • Marxism and Ecology
        • Africa (Marxism)
        • France (Marxism)
        • Karl Marx & Friedrich Engels
      • National Question
      • Oceans (Issues)
      • Parties: Theory and Conceptions
      • Patriarchy, family, feminism
        • Ecofeminism (Patriarchy, family, feminism)
        • Fashion, cosmetic (Patriarchy, family, feminism)
        • Feminism & capitalism (Patriarchy, family, feminism)
        • Language (Patriarchy, family, feminism)
        • Prostitution (Patriarchy, family, feminism)
        • Reproductive Rights (Patriarchy, family, feminism)
        • Violence against women (Patriarchy, family, feminism)
        • Women and Health ( (Patriarchy, family, feminism)
        • Women, work (Patriarchy, family, feminism)
      • Political Strategy
      • Politics: Bibliographies
      • Politics: International Institutions
      • Psychology and politics
      • Racism, xenophobia, differentialism
      • Science and politics
        • Michael Burawoy
      • Sciences & Knowledge
        • Artificial Intelligence
        • Physics (science)
        • Sciences (Life)
          • Evolution (Life Sciences)
            • Stephen Jay Gould
      • Sexuality
      • Social Formation, classes, political regime, ideology
        • Populism (Political regime, ideology)
      • Sport and politics
      • The role of the political
      • Transition: before imperialism
      • Transitional Societies (modern), socialism
      • Wars, conflicts, violences
      • Working Class, Wage labor, income, organizing
    • Movements
      • Analysis & Debates (Movements)
        • Epidemics, pandemics (Movements)
        • History of people’s movements (Movements)
      • Asia (Movements)
        • Globalization (Movements, Asia) (Movements)
        • APISC (Movements, Asia)
        • Asian Social Forum (Movements, Asia)
        • Asian Social Movements (Movements, Asia)
        • Counter-Summits (Movements, Asia)
        • Free Trade (Movements, Asia)
        • IIRE Manila (Movements, Asia)
        • In Asean (Movements, Asia)
        • People’s SAARC / SAAPE (Movements, Asia)
        • Social Protection Campaigns (Movements, Asia)
        • The Milk Tea Alliance
        • Women (Asia, movements)
      • World level (Movements)
        • Feminist Movements
          • Against Fundamentalisms (Feminist Movements)
          • Epidemics / Pandemics (Feminist Movements, health)
          • History of Women’s Movements
          • Rural, peasant (Feminist Movements)
          • World March of Women (Feminist Movements)
        • Anti-fascism Movements (international)
        • Asia-Europe People’s Forums (AEPF) (Movements)
        • Ecosocialist Networks (Movements, World)
        • Indignants (Movements)
        • Intercoll (Movements, World)
        • Internationals (socialist, communist, revolutionary) (Movements, World)
          • International (Fourth) (Movements, World)
            • Ernest Mandel
            • Livio Maitan
            • Women (Fourth International)
            • Youth (Fourth International)
          • International (Second) (1889-1914) (Movements, World)
          • International (Third) (Movements, World)
            • Baku Congress (1920)
            • Communist Cooperatives (Comintern)
            • Krestintern: Comintern’s Peasant International
            • Red Sport International (Sportintern) (Comintern)
            • The Communist Youth International (Comintern)
            • The Red International of Labour Unions (RILU) (Comintern)
            • The ‘International Workers Aid’ (IWA / MRP)
            • Women (Comintern)
        • Internet, Hacktivism (Movements, World)
        • Labor & TUs (Movements, World)
          • Epidemics, pandemics (TUs, international) (Movements, World)
        • Radical Left (Movements, World)
          • IIRE (Movements, World)
          • Movements: Sal Santen (obituary)
          • Radical Parties’ Network (Movements, World)
        • Social Movements Network (Movements, World)
        • World Days of Action (Movements)
        • World Social Forum (Movements)
      • Africa (Movements)
        • Forum of the People (Movements)
      • America (N&S) (Movements)
        • Latin America (Mouvments)
        • US Social Forum (Movements)
      • Europe (Movements)
        • Alter Summit (Movements, Europe)
        • Anti-Austerity/Debt NetworksAlter Summit (Movements, Europe)
        • Anti-G8/G20 in EuropeAlter Summit (Movements)
        • Counter-Summits to the EUAlter Summit (Movements, Europe)
        • Free TradeAlter Summit (Movements, Europe)
        • Movements: European Social Forum
      • Mediterranean (Movements, MEAN)
        • Mediterranean Social Forum (Movements)
        • Political Left (Movements, MEAN)
      • Agriculture & Peasantry (Movements)
        • Women (Movements, Peasantry)
      • Antiwar Struggles (Movements)
        • History of antimilitarism (Movements)
        • Military Bases (Movements)
        • Nuclear Weapon, WMD (Movements)
      • Common Goods & Environment (Movements)
        • Biodiversity (Movements)
        • Climate (Movements)
        • Ecosocialist International Networky (Movements)
        • Nuclear (energy) (Movements)
          • AEPF “No-Nuke” Circle (Movements)
        • Water (Movements)
      • Debt, taxes & Financial Institutions (Movements)
        • IMF (Movements)
        • World Bank (Movements)
      • Health (Movements)
        • Women’s Health (Movements)
        • Asbestos (Movements, health, World)
        • Drugs (Movements, health, World)
        • Epidemics (Movements, health, World)
        • Health & Work (Movements, health, World)
        • Health and social crisis (Movements, health, World)
        • Nuclear (Movements, health, World)
        • Pollution (Movements, health, World)
      • Human Rights & Freedoms (Movements, World)
        • Women’s Rights (Movements, HR)
        • Corporate HR violations (Movements, HR)
        • Disability (Movements, HR)
        • Exceptional Powers (Movements, HR)
        • Justice, law (Movements, HR)
        • Media, Internet (Movements, HR)
        • Non-State Actors (Movements, World)
        • Police, weapons (Movements, HR)
        • Rights of free meeting (Movements, HR)
        • Secret services (Movements, HR)
      • LGBT+ (Movements, World)
      • Parliamentary field (Movements, health, World)
      • Social Rights, Labor (Movements)
        • Reclaim People’s Dignity (Movements)
        • Urban Rights (Movements)
      • TNCs, Trade, WTO (Movements)
        • Cocoa value chain (Movements)
    • World
      • The world today (World)
      • Global Crisis / Polycrisis (World)
      • Global health crises, pandemics (World)
        • Epidemics, pandemics (economic crisis, World)
      • Economy (World)
        • Financial and economic crisis (World)
          • Car industry, transport (World)
        • Technologies (Economy)
      • Extreme right, fascism, fundamentalism (World)
      • History (World)
      • Migrants, refugees (World)
      • Military (World)
      • Terrorism (World)
    • Africa
      • Africa Today
        • ChinAfrica
      • Environment (Africa)
        • Biodiversity (Africa)
      • Religion (Africa)
      • Women (Africa)
      • Economy (Africa)
      • Epidemics, pandemics (Africa)
      • History (Africa)
        • Amilcar Cabral
      • Sahel Region
      • Angola
        • Angola: History
      • Burkina Faso
      • Cameroon
        • Cameroon: LGBT+
      • Capo Verde
      • Central African Republic (CAR)
      • Chad
      • Congo Kinshasa (DRC)
        • Patrice Lumumba
      • Djibouti (Eng)
      • Eritrea
      • Ethiopia
      • Gambia
      • Ghana
        • Epidemics, pandemics (health, Ghana)
        • Ghana: LGBT+
      • Guinea (Conakry)
      • Ivory Coast
      • Kenya
        • History (Kenya)
        • Kenya: WSF 2007
        • Left forces (Kenya)
        • LGBT+ (Kenya)
        • Women (Kenya)
      • Lesotho
      • Liberia
        • Liberia: LGBT+
      • Madagascar
      • Mali
        • Women (Mali)
        • History (Mali)
      • Mauritania
      • Mauritius
        • Women (Mauritius)
      • Mayotte
      • Mozambique
      • Namibia
      • Niger
        • Niger: Nuclear
      • Nigeria
        • Women (Nigeria)
        • Pandemics, epidemics (health, Nigeria)
      • Réunion
      • Rwanda
        • The genocide of the Tutsi in Rwanda
      • Sahel (Eng)
      • Senegal
        • Women (Senegal)
      • Seychelles
      • Sierra Leone
        • Sierra Leone: LGBT+
      • Somalia
        • Women (Somalia)
      • South Africa
        • Epidemics, pandemics (health, South Africa)
        • On the Left (South Africa)
          • David Sanders
          • Mark Thabo Weinberg
          • Nelson Mandela
          • Steve Biko
        • Women (South Africa)
        • Culture (South Africa)
        • Ecology, Environment (South Africa)
        • Economy, social (South Africa)
        • History (Freedom Struggle and first years of ANC government) (South Africa)
        • Institutions, laws (South Africa)
        • Labour, community protests (South Africa)
          • Cosatu (South Africa)
          • SAFTU (South Africa)
        • Land reform and rural issues (South Africa)
        • LGBTQ+ (South Africa)
        • Students (South Africa)
      • South Sudan
        • Ecology (South Sudan)
      • Sudan
        • Women (Sudan)
      • Tanzania
      • Uganda
        • Uganda: LGBT
      • Zambia
      • Zimbabwe
        • Women (Zimbabwe)
    • Americas
      • Ecology (Latin America)
      • Epidemics, pandemics (health, Latin America)
      • History (Latin America)
      • Indigenous People (Latin America)
      • Latin America (Latin America)
      • LGBT+ (Latin America)
      • Migrations (Latin America)
      • Women (Latin America)
      • Amazonia
      • Antilles / West Indies
      • Argentina
        • Diego Maradona
        • Economy (Argentina)
        • History (Argentina)
          • Daniel Pereyra
        • Women (Argentina)
          • Reproductive Rights (Women, Argentina)
      • Bahamas
        • Bahamas: Disasters
      • Bolivia
        • Women (Bolivia)
        • Orlando Gutiérrez
      • Brazil
        • Epidemics, pandemics (health, Brazil)
        • Women (Brazil)
          • Reproductive Rights (Brazil)
        • Ecology (Brazil)
        • Economy (Brazil)
        • History (Brazil)
        • History of the Left (Brazil)
          • Marielle Franco
        • Indigenous People (Brazil)
        • Justice, freedoms (Brazil)
        • Labor (Brazil)
        • LGBT+ (Brazil)
        • Rural (Brazil)
        • World Cup, Olympics, social resistances (Brazil)
      • Canada & Quebec
        • Women (Canada & Quebec)
        • Ecology (Canada & Quebec)
        • Far Right / Extreme Right (Canada, Quebec)
        • Fundamentalism & secularism (Canada & Quebec)
        • Health (Canada & Québec)
          • Pandemics, epidemics (Health, Canada & Québec)
        • History
        • Indigenous People (Canada & Quebec)
        • LGBT+ (Canada & Quebec)
        • On the Left (Canada & Quebec)
          • Biographies (Left, Canada, Quebec)
            • Bernard Rioux
            • Ernest (‘Ernie’) Tate & Jess Mackenzie
            • Leo Panitch
            • Pierre Beaudet
        • Social movements (Canada, Quebec)
      • Caribbean
      • Chile
        • Women (Chile)
        • Epidemics, pandemics (health, Chile)
        • History (Chile)
          • Marta Harnecker
          • Pinochet Dictatorship
          • Victor Jara
        • LGBT+ (Chile)
        • Natural Disasters (Chile)
      • Colombia
        • Women (Colombia)
          • Reproductive Rights (Columbia)
        • Pandemics, epidemics (Colombia, Health)
      • Costa Rica
      • Cuba
        • Women, gender (Cuba)
        • Ecology (Cuba)
        • Epidemics / Pandemics (health, Cuba)
        • History (Cuba)
          • Che Guevara
            • Che Guevara (obituary)
          • Cuban Revolution (History)
          • Fidel Castro
        • LGBT+ (Cuba)
      • Ecuador
        • Women (Ecuador)
        • Ecology (Ecuador)
        • Humanitarian Disasters (Ecuador)
      • El Salvador
        • Women (El Salvador)
        • El Salvador: Salvadorian Revolution and Counter-Revolution
      • Grenada
      • Guatemala
        • History (Guatemala)
        • Mining (Guatemala)
        • Women (Guatemala)
      • Guiana (French)
      • Haiti
        • Women (Haiti)
        • Haiti: History
        • Haiti: Natural Disasters
      • Honduras
        • Women (Honduras)
        • Berta Cáceres
        • Honduras: History
        • Honduras: LGBT+
        • Juan López (Honduras)
      • Jamaica
      • Mexico
        • Women (Mexico)
        • Disasters (Mexico)
        • Epidemics / Pandemics (health, Mexico)
        • History of people struggles (Mexico)
          • Rosario Ibarra
        • The Left (Mexico)
          • Adolfo Gilly
      • Nicaragua
        • Women (Nicaragua)
        • History (Nicaragua)
          • Fernando Cardenal
        • Nicaragua: Nicaraguan Revolution
      • Panamá
      • Paraguay
        • Women (Paraguay)
      • Peru
        • Hugo Blanco
      • Puerto Rico
        • Disasters (Puerto Rico)
        • The Left (Puerto Rico)
      • Uruguay
        • Women (Uruguay)
        • History (Uruguay)
        • Labour Movement (Uruguay)
      • USA
        • Women (USA)
          • History (Feminism, USA)
          • Reproductive Rights (Women, USA)
          • Violence (women, USA)
        • Disasters (USA)
        • Far Right, Religious Right (USA)
        • Health (USA)
          • Children (health)
          • Epidemics, pandemics (health, USA)
        • On the Left (USA)
          • Health (Left, USA)
          • History (Left)
          • Solidarity / Against the Current (USA)
          • The Democratic Socialists of America (DSA)
          • Biographies, History (Left, USA)
            • History: SWP and before (USA)
            • Angela Davis
            • Barbara Dane
            • bell hooks (En)
            • C.L.R. James
            • Dan La Botz
            • Daniel Ellsberg
            • David Graeber
            • Ellen Meiksins Wood
            • Ellen Spence Poteet
            • Erik Olin Wright
            • Frederic Jameson
            • Gabriel Kolko
            • Gus Horowitz
            • Herbert Marcuse
            • Immanuel Wallerstein
            • James Cockcroft
            • Joanna Misnik
            • John Lewis
            • Kai Nielsen
            • Larry Kramer
            • Malcolm X
            • Marshall Berman
            • Martin Luther King
            • Michael Lebowitz
            • Mike Davis
            • Norma Barzman
            • Richard Wright
        • Secularity, religion & politics
        • Social Struggles, labor (USA)
          • Epidemics / Pandemics (health, Social struggles, USA)
        • Agriculture (USA)
        • Ecology (USA)
        • Economy, social (USA)
        • Education (USA)
        • Energy (USA)
        • Foreign Policy, Military, International Solidarity (USA)
        • History (USA)
          • Henry Kissinger
          • History of people’s struggles (USA)
          • Jimmy Carter
          • Trump, trumpism (USA)
        • Housing (USA)
        • Human Rights, police, justice (USA)
        • Human Rights: Guantanamo (USA)
        • Human Rights: Incarceration (USA)
        • Indian nations and indigenous groups (USA)
        • Institutions, political regime (USA)
        • LGBT+ (USA)
        • Migrant, refugee (USA)
        • Persons / Individuals (USA)
          • Donald Trump (USA)
          • Laura Loomer
        • Racism (USA)
          • Arabes (racism, USA)
          • Asians (racism, USA)
          • Blacks (racism, USA)
          • Jews (racism, USA)
        • Science (USA)
        • Violences (USA)
      • Venezuela
        • Women (Venezuela)
        • Ecology (Venezuela)
        • Epidemics, pandemics (health, Venezuela)
    • Asia
      • Disasters (Asia)
      • Ecology (Asia)
      • Epidemics, pandemics (health, Asia)
      • History
      • Women (Asia)
      • Asia (Central, ex-USSR)
        • Kazakhstan
          • Women (Kazakhstan)
        • Kyrgyzstan
          • Women (Kyrgyzstan)
        • Tajikistan
        • Uzbekistan
      • Asia (East & North-East)
      • Asia (South, SAARC)
        • Ecology (South Asia)
          • Climate (ecology, South Asia)
        • Economy, debt (South Asia)
        • Epidemics, pandemics (health, South Asia)
        • LGBT+ (South Asia)
        • Religious fundamentalism
        • Women (South Asia)
      • Asia (Southeast, ASEAN)
        • Economy, social (Southeast Asia, ASEAN)
        • Health (Southeast Asia, ASEAN)
          • Epidemics, pandemics (health, South East Asia, ASEAN))
      • Asia economy & social
        • Epidemics / Pandemics (health, Asia)
      • Economy & Labour (Asia)
      • On the Left (Asia)
      • Afghanistan
        • Women, patriarchy, sharia (Afghanistan)
        • History, society (Afghanistan)
        • On the Left (Afghanistan)
      • Bangladesh
        • Health (Bangladesh)
          • Epidemics, pandemics (health, Bangladesh)
        • Ecological Disasters, climate (Bangladesh)
        • Fundamentalism & secularism (Bangladesh)
        • The Left (Bangladesh)
          • Abdus Satter Khan
          • Badruddin Umar
          • Ila Mitra
        • Women (Bangladesh)
        • Economy (Bangladesh)
        • History (Bangladesh)
        • Human Rights (Bangladesh)
        • Indigenous People (Bangladesh)
        • Labour (Bangladesh)
          • Industrial Disasters (Bangladesh)
        • LGBT+ (Bangladesh)
        • Nuclear (Bangladesh)
        • Rohingya (refugee, Bangladesh)
        • Rural & Fisherfolk (Bangladesh)
      • Bhutan
        • LGT+ (Bhutan)
        • Women (Bhutan)
      • Brunei
        • Women, LGBT+, Sharia, (Brunei)
      • Burma / Myanmar
        • Arakan / Rakine (Burma)
          • Rohingyas (Burma/Myanmar)
        • Buddhism / Sanga
        • CSOs (Burma / Mynamar)
        • Economy (Burma/Myanmar)
        • Health (Burma / Myanmar)
          • Epidemics, pandemics (health, Burma/Myanmar)
        • History (Burma/Myanmar)
          • History of struggles (Burma/Myanmar)
        • Labor (Burma/Myanmar)
        • Migrants (Burma/Myanmar)
        • Natural Disasters (Burma/Myanmar)
        • Women (Burma/Myanmar)
      • Cambodia
        • Women (Cambodia)
        • Epidemics / Pandemics (health, Cambodia)
        • History (Cambodia)
          • The Khmers rouges (Cambodia)
        • Labour / Labor (Cambodia)
        • Rural (Cambodia)
        • Urban (Cambodia)
      • China (PRC)
        • Health (China)
          • Epidemics, pandemics (health, China)
        • Political situation (China)
        • China Today
        • Global Rise (China)
          • Military expansion (China)
          • Silk Roads/OBOR/BRICS (China)
          • World Economy (China)
          • China & Africa
          • China & Europe
            • China and the Russian War in Ukraine
          • China & Japan
          • China & Latin America
          • China & MENA
          • China & North America
          • China & Russia
          • China & South Asia
          • China & Southeast Asia
          • China § Asia-Pacific
          • China, ASEAN & the South China Sea
          • China, Korea, & North-East Asia
        • On the Left (China)
        • Women (China)
        • China § Xinjiang/East Turkestan
        • Civil Society (China)
        • Demography (China)
        • Ecology and environment (China)
        • Economy, technology (China)
        • History (China)
          • History pre-XXth Century (China)
          • History XXth Century (China)
            • Beijing Summer Olympic Games 2008
            • Chinese Trotskyists
              • Wang Fanxi / Wang Fan-hsi
              • Zheng Chaolin
            • Foreign Policy (history, China)
            • Transition to capitalism (history , China)
        • Human Rights, freedoms (China)
        • Labour and social struggles (China)
        • LGBT+ (China)
        • Religion & Churches (China)
        • Rural, agriculture (China)
        • Social Control, social credit (China)
        • Social Protection (China)
        • Sport and politics (China)
          • Beijing Olympic Games
      • China: Hong Kong SAR
        • Epidemics, pandemics (health, Hong Kong)
        • History (Hong Kong)
        • LGBT+ (Hong Kong)
        • Migrants (Hong Kong)
      • China: Macao SAR
      • East Timor
        • East Timor: News Updates
      • India
        • Political situation (India)
        • Caste, Dalits & Adivasis (India)
          • Adivasi, Tribes (India)
          • Dalits & Other Backward Castes (OBC) (India)
        • Fundamentalism, communalism, extreme right, secularism (India)
        • Health (India)
          • Epidemics, pandemics (health, India)
        • North-East (India)
        • The Left (India)
          • MN Roy
          • Stan Swamy (India)
          • The Left: ML Updates (DISCONTINUED) (India)
          • Trupti Shah (obituary) (India)
        • Women (India)
        • Antiwar & nuclear (India)
        • Digital Rights (India)
        • Ecology & Industrial Disasters (India)
        • Economy & Globalisation (India)
        • Energy, nuclear (India)
        • History (up to 1947) (India)
          • Baghat Singh (India)
          • Gandhi
        • History after 1947 (India)
        • Human Rights & Freedoms (India)
        • International Relations (India)
        • Labor, wage earners, TUs (India)
        • LGBT+ (India)
        • Military (India)
        • Narmada (India)
        • Natural Disaster (India)
        • Refugees (India)
        • Regional Politics (South Asia) (India)
        • Rural & fisherfolk (India)
        • Social Forums (India)
        • Social Protection (India)
        • Urban (India)
      • Indonesia & West Papua
        • Epidemics / Pandemics (health, Indonesia)
        • Papua (Indonesia)
          • Pandemics, epidemics (health, West Papua)
        • The Left (Indonesia)
        • Women (Indonesia)
        • Common Goods (Indonesia)
        • Ecology (Indonesia)
        • Economy (Indonesia)
        • Fundamentalism, sharia, religion (Indonesia)
        • History before 1965 (Indonesia)
        • History from 1945 (Indonesia)
          • Tan Malaka
        • History: 1965 and after (Indonesia)
        • Human Rights (Indonesia)
          • MUNIR Said Thalib (Indonesia)
        • Indigenous People (Indonesia)
        • Indonesia / East Timor News Digests DISCONTINUED
          • Indonesia Roundup DISCONTINUED
        • Labor, urban poor (Indonesia)
          • History (labour, Indonesia)
        • LGBT+ (Indonesia)
        • Natural Disaster (Indonesia)
        • Rural & fisherfolk (Indonesia)
        • Student, youth (Indonesia)
      • Japan
        • Political situation (Japan)
        • Health (Japan)
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  • Israel intercepts Global Sumud humanitarian aid flotilla

Israel intercepts Global Sumud humanitarian aid flotilla

Thursday 2 October 2025, by Al Jazeera, Esquerda.net (PT), H-Alter (HR), JOHNSON Mark, Sinn Fein, The Guardian

  
  • Palestine2023

A round up of news and comment following Israel’s interception of the 40+ boats trying to break the Gaza blockade.

Israel’s interception of the flotilla and the detention of activists has provoked worldwide protest. Palestinian National Initiative Secretary-General Mustafa Barghouti said: “There is now a clash between Israel and humanity that supports the Palestinian people,” Al Jazeera reported.

In Europe, many citizens “expected a reaction that has yet to arrive. Ursula von der Leyen and Antonio Costa dodge the issue live; there was silence even from the head of EU diplomacy, Kaja Kallas,” noted EUnews.it.

The Global Sumud (resilient) Flotilla consists of more than 40 civilian boats carrying about 500 parliamentarians, lawyers and activists from multiple countries. It has been trying to break Israel’s blockade of Gaza with medicine and food, despite repeated warnings from Israel to turn back. Israeli blockade has caused famine and starvation in Gaza, which has been the target of two years of Israeli bombardment. The Israeli operation has been dubbed genocide by the UN inquiry panel.

  Contents  
  • Croatian government ignores
  • Spanish deputy PM calls on (…)
  • EU Commission silence and (…)
  • Italy: wave of protests — (…)
  • Portugal: petition to release
  • Left Group in European Parliam
  • Colombia expells last Israeli
  • Italy: Strike called, protests
  • Sinn Fein: Irish senator (…)
  • Al Jazeera: Israel intercepts
  • Esquerda (PT): Bloco MP (…)
  • Guardian: Greta Thunberg (…)

 Croatian government ignores flotilla, detention of activists

The Croatian government has made no statement whatsoever regarding the flotilla nor expressed concern for the Croatian citizen on the humanitarian mission. Support for the flotilla on social media today was expressed only by the Možemo! (green left) Mayor of Zagreb, Tomislav Tomašević.

“I wish to express support for my colleague and former Mayor of Barcelona, Ada Colau [1], the Croatian captain and native of Zagreb, Morana Miljanović, as well as all other brave citizens who are risking their lives to deliver humanitarian aid to Gaza and break Israel’s blockade. Together with other mayors and politicians across Europe, I join the demands that safe passage be urgently secured for people delivering humanitarian aid to Gaza and the immediate release of the flotilla members”, said Tomašević.
H-Alter, 1 October 2025
https://h-alter.org/udarno/28448/


 Spanish deputy PM calls on EU to break off relations with Israel

Spain’s labour minister and deputy prime minister, Yolanda Díaz, of the left wing Sumar party, described the attack on the flotilla as “a crime against international law” and demanded that Israel immediately release those it had detained. Writing on Bluesky, she added: “The EU needs to break off relations with Israel right now.


 EU Commission silence and inaction

Brussels – The day after Israel boarded 40 boats of the Global Sumud Flotilla, European politicians expected a reaction that has yet to arrive. Ursula von der Leyen and Antonio Costa dodge the issue live; there was silence even from the head of EU diplomacy, Kaja Kallas [...].
The boarding started just as the presidents of the Commission and the European Council were holding a press conference in Copenhagen on the sidelines of the informal summit of EU heads of state and government. Both said they did not have enough information to comment on the incident.
During the daily press briefing today, a spokeswoman for the EU executive stated that “international humanitarian law must be upheld as well as the international law of the sea”, adding that Brussels has already condemned “any attack against the Flotilla, with drones or any seizure.” According to spokeswoman Eva Hrncirova, the crew “has the right” to fulfil its mission, which has “basically the same goal as we have: to provide sufficient aid to Gaza as soon as possible to stop the suffering of the people.”
The latter is only half true, since the declared objectives of the Flotilla, even more than delivering a limited amount of aid to the population of Gaza, include the end of the maritime blockade imposed by Israel on the Strip and the establishment of a permanent humanitarian corridor. Requests that Brussels has never made.

EUNews.it, 2 October 2025


 Italy: wave of protests — “block everything!”

In Italy, as soon as news broke that the Gaza Flotilla was being intercepted, thousands of people began taking to the streets of Rome, Turin, Bologna, and several other cities in protest. In Rome alone, estimates suggest more than 10,000 people demonstrated. In Naples, Pisa, and Milan, railway stations were temporarily blocked.
The country’s largest trade union federation, the CGIL, [2] called a general strike for Friday, stating that “the aggression against civilian ships that were transporting Italian citizens is an extremely serious matter”. The USB [3] had already done so earlier with the slogan: “Israel attacks international law. Now is the time to block everything”. Other trade unions have been announcing that they will join the strike.
The Italian movement will also include blockades by dockworkers. In Genoa, a procession of workers, students, other trade unionists, and activists from various social movements moved to the port to block it when the first news about the interception of the flotilla began to emerge.
Esquerda.net (PT) 1 Oct 2025


 Portugal: petition to release activists, sanctions, compliance with UN resolutions

More than five thousand people have already signed the appeal to the Minister for Foreign Affairs for the immediate release of activists detained by Israel, including the Portuguese activists Mariana Mortágua (MP), Miguel Duarte, Sofia Aparício, [4] and for sanctions against Israel, both national and European, until its complete withdrawal from Gaza, the end of the blockade, and compliance with United Nations resolutions on Palestinian self-determination. The online petition can be signed here.

The petition recalls the lack of support and protection from European states and that “even the Italian and Spanish military ships that accompanied the flotilla withdrew upon entering Gazan waters, leaving the flotilla to fend for itself”.

In statements to SIC [5] on Wednesday evening, Minister Paulo Rangel [6] said he had been informed of the detentions by the Bloco de Esquerda [7] and that he had not received any information from Israel, noting that the detentions occurred on the Jewish holiday of Yom Kippur. [8] Rangel added that he expected to have direct access to the Portuguese detainees held at sea only on Friday or Sunday.

Bloco leader Fabian Figueiredo has twice requested an urgent meeting with the Ministry for Foreign Affairs, without success. “We have not recieved any reply expaining what efforts are being made,” he told Esquerda.net. He noted that unlike Portugal, “several countries have convoked their Ambassador of Israel to explain the situation,” and called on the Portuguese government to do the same.

Esquerda.net (PT) 1 October 2025


 Left Group in European Parliament calls for suspension of EU-Israel Association Agreement

The European Parliament’s Left group condemned an Israeli attack on the Global Sumud Flotilla late Wednesday, criticizing the European Union for its “weak” action against Israel amid its ongoing genocide in Gaza.

In a statement, The Left called for the immediate release of all captives, including parliamentarians Rima Hassan and Emma Fourreau as well as local and national party representatives, adding it had no update on their location or safety since the flotilla’s livestream was cut.

Calling for “immediate and direct” EU action against the Gaza genocide, the group said “it is unconscionable for the European Union and its Member States to continue to allow Israel to act with impunity as it attacks elected representatives and openly perpetrates war crimes.”

“The actions of the volunteers on board contrast sharply with the inaction and cowardice of Ursula von der Leyen and the European Commission,” it said, noting that it took the European Commission president 23 months to propose basic sanctions against Israel, without mentioning Prime Minister Benjamin Netanyahu or the International Criminal Court (ICC) arrest warrant against him.

“Her genocide denial will go down in history,” it added.

The Left reiterated its demand for a comprehensive arms embargo on Israel, the imposition of sanctions on everyone implicated in the genocide, measures to hold Netanyahu accountable at the ICC, and the total suspension of the EU-Israel Association Agreement.

https://www.aa.com.tr/en/europe/european-parliament-s-left-group-condemns-israeli-attack-on-gaza-flotilla-slams-weak-eu-action/3705083


 Colombia expells last Israeli diplomats

AFP: Colombian president Gustavo Petro on Wednesday expelled all remaining Israeli diplomats from the country over what he called “a new international crime” by Israel prime minister Benjamin Netanyahu. The leftist Petro severed relations with Israel last year but four diplomats remained posted in the country, a source at the Israeli consulate in Bogotá told Agence France-Presse.


 Italy: Strike called, protests flare over interception of Gaza aid ships

ROME, Oct 1 (Reuters) - Italian unions called a general strike for Friday in solidarity with the international aid flotilla for Gaza, while protests sprang up in a number of cities late on Wednesday after reports that the ships had been intercepted by military personnel.

In the southern city of Naples, demonstrators got into the main railway station and halted train traffic, while police surrounded the Termini railway station in Rome after protesters gathered close to entrances.

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The Global Sumud Flotilla (GSF), which consists of more than 40 civilian boats carrying about 500 parliamentarians, lawyers and activists, includes an Italian contingent. It has been trying to break Israel’s blockade of Gaza with medicine and food, despite repeated warnings from Israel to turn back.

“The aggression against civilian ships that were carrying Italian citizens is an extremely serious matter,” the CGIL union said, calling the strike which other smaller unions said they would join.

The announcement comes after a previous general strike in support of Gaza and the GSF called by the grassroots Unione Sindacale di Base (USB) on September 22 which turned violent in Milan.

In the northwestern city of Genoa, the USB announced that it intended to block the port and called on all protesters to gather at 10 p.m. (2000 GMT) at one of the main entrances.

Over the past two weeks, protesting Italian dockworkers have prevented various ships from docking and loading, targeting vessels they say were involved in trade with Israel.
Reuters


 Sinn Fein: Irish senator ‘illegally detained’ on board Gaza flotilla

1 October 2025

Sinn Fein Senator Chris Andrews has been “illegally detained” by Israeli forces while on board the Global Sumud Flotilla in international waters, Irish political party Sinn Fein has said.

It called on the Irish government to “act now” and “demand the immediate and safe release of Senator Chris Andrews and all Irish citizens”.

“The flotilla is a peaceful humanitarian mission carrying food and aid to Gaza. This violent interception is a blatant violation of international law,” it added.

There are a total of 22 Irish citizens on board boats carrying aid towards Gaza, coordinators of the Global Sumud Flotilla have said.

Irish President Michael D Higgins has reportedly said international law has been breached by Israel in relation to the interception of the vessels.

“In recent weeks, there was a near consensus among members of the United Nations that a Palestinian State should be recognised as an essential building block for peace in the region,” he said, according to Irish broadcaster RTE.

“We might well ask where stands this commitment now if a flotilla involving more than 40 boats and more than 500 people from the international community seeking to bring humanitarian aid – water, medicines and food to those who are in desperate need – is being prevented from achieving that humanitarian objective,” he added.

Via Al Jazeera


 Al Jazeera: Israel intercepts Gaza Sumud flotilla vessels: What we know so far

Despite carrying only a symbolic amount of humanitarian aid, the flotilla had pressed forward with its mission to establish a maritime corridor into Gaza.
Published on 1 October 2025
Israeli forces have barded and taken control of several ships that are part of the Global Sumud Flotilla, which had been attempting to break Israel’s blockade of Gaza, and that had garnered global attention as one of the biggest naval aid missions to the Palestinian enclave.

The flotilla – which in all includes more than 40 civilian boats and about 500 activists – was intercepted by Israeli forces late on Wednesday, with activists on board detained and taken to Israel.

Israel had previously said that it would do whatever it takes to stop the Gaza-bound flotilla, claiming the volunteers were trying to “breach a lawful naval blockade” – a claim that goes against international law. [9]

Israel has blockaded Gaza to varying degrees since Hamas [10] took control of the Strip in 2007. Gaza’s residents have largely been trapped in the territory since then, with the entry of food, goods and aid strictly controlled by Israel.

Here is what to know.

What happened to the flotilla on Wednesday?

Israel intercepted a flotilla of boats carrying humanitarian aid, according to statements from the flotilla organisers.

They reported that Israeli naval forces boarded the vessels about 70 nautical miles (130 kilometres) off the coast of Gaza, cutting communications and jamming signals as the flotilla neared the blockaded enclave.

In total, at least 13 vessels that are part of the flotilla have been intercepted at sea.

Saif Abukeshek, spokesperson for the Global Sumud Flotilla, said more than 201 people from 37 countries were on board these boats. This included 30 participants from Spain, 22 from Italy, 21 from Türkiye and 12 from Malaysia, among others.

“We have around 30 ships that are still fighting their way away from the military vessels of the occupation forces trying to reach to the shores of Gaza. They are determined,” he added.

Those are now 85 kilometres (46 nautical miles) from Gaza’s coast, according to the flotilla organisers.

The flotilla’s progress across the Mediterranean had already drawn international attention, and the arrests of activists on board sparked protests in cities including Rome, Buenos Aires and Istanbul on Wednesday night.

Earlier in the day, activists described shadowy encounters with unlit boats and drones tailing the convoy, heightening tensions on board.

“On Wednesday … at around 8:30pm [17:30 GMT], multiple vessels of Global Sumud Flotilla – notably Alma, Surius, Adara – were illegally intercepted and boarded by Israeli Occupation Forces in international waters,” a flotilla statement said.

“Prior to illegally boarding the ships, it appears as though the Israeli naval vessels intentionally damaged ship communications, in an attempt to block distress signals and stop the livestream of their illegal boat boarding.”

Despite carrying only a symbolic amount of humanitarian aid, the flotilla had pressed forward with its mission to establish a maritime corridor into Gaza, where nearly two years of Israel’s war have left the population facing an acute humanitarian crisis.

How did Israel respond?

Israel’s Ministry of Foreign Affairs released a video showing a woman in military uniform speaking by phone, introducing herself as a representative of the Israeli navy.

In the call, she warns the flotilla that it is nearing a restricted, blockaded area and explains that any aid for Gaza must be sent “through the established channels”.

Israel’s ambassador to the United Nations, Danny Danon, also said that activists on board the Gaza aid flotilla will be deported once the Jewish holiday of Yom Kippur [11] concludes on Thursday.

“Reports suggest more interceptions are expected,” Al Jazeera’s Nida Ibrahim, reporting from Doha, said.

“Israeli soldiers have boarded the ships and detained many of the activists on board. Those detained would normally go through a legal process, but Israel is currently under near-total shutdown because of the Yom Kippur holiday,” she added.

“That means courts and prisons are not functioning, creating a limbo for the activists if they are detained.”

A video published by Israel’s Foreign Ministry showed Greta Thunberg, the Swedish climate campaigner, sitting on a deck with soldiers around her.

“Several vessels of the Hamas-Sumud flotilla have been safely stopped and their passengers are being transferred to an Israeli port,” the ministry said on X. “Greta and her friends are safe and healthy.”

Since 2009, Israel has formally enforced a naval blockade it says is necessary to prevent weapons from being smuggled in. Israeli authorities have also alleged that some flotilla organisers are connected to Hamas, a claim the activists strongly reject as unfounded. Israel has yet to present any evidence to prove its claims.

Has this happened before?

Vessels and convoys have attempted to break the blockade of Gaza since 2010.

A few key examples include:

– 2010 – The Mavi Marmara incident: The most infamous case, when Israeli commandos boarded the Turkish ship Mavi Marmara, part of the Gaza Freedom Flotilla. Clashes broke out, and 10 activists were killed as a result, drawing global condemnation and straining Israel-Türkiye relations. Israel apologised for “operational mistakes” in the raid in 2013. A compensation deal is still being negotiated between the two countries. Israeli soldiers and officials who took part in the attack are being tried in absentia in Türkiye for war crimes.

– 2011–2018 – Smaller flotillas stopped: Several subsequent flotillas, including vessels in 2011, 2015 and 2018. Israel typically diverted the ships to Ashdod port, [12] detained activists and confiscated cargo. In 2018, activists were arrested, and some reported they were tasered and beaten.

– 2024 – Flotilla attempts: Activist groups continued organising flotillas, but Israel either prevented them from leaving ports abroad or intercepted them before they could approach Gaza.

– 2025 – Several flotilla missions set sail to challenge Israel’s naval blockade. One such mission in June involved the ship Madleen, which departed from Catania, Sicily, with food, medical supplies, baby formula and other essential goods. It also carried activists, including Greta Thunberg. In the early hours of 9 June, Israeli naval forces intercepted and boarded the Madleen in international waters, using a chemical irritant spray, and then seized the vessel, detaining the 12 people on board. The activists were deported after being processed in Israel.

What else do we know about the current flotilla?

The Global Sumud Flotilla [13] set sail in late August 2025, departing from ports in Spain and Italy before stopping in Greece and Tunisia as it made its way across the Mediterranean.

The mission began with more than 50 vessels representing at least 44 countries, carrying hundreds of international volunteers, activists and lawmakers. Amongst them are 24 Americans, including several military veterans, according to the organisers.

On board were symbolic yet significant amounts of humanitarian cargo, including food, medical supplies and other essentials for Gaza’s population.

Activists reported several hostile encounters at sea, including suspected drone attacks near Malta and Crete, which left some vessels damaged and forced to withdraw. By the time the flotilla neared the eastern Mediterranean, 44 ships remained in the convoy.

International attention grew as the flotilla pressed on. Spain and Italy both deployed naval vessels to monitor its progress and offer assistance if required, whilst governments across Europe and beyond urged restraint from all parties.

Have other governments responded to Israel’s arrest of flotilla activists?

Multiple countries have condemned Israel’s actions.

– Malaysian PM Anwar Ibrahim said he condemns in the “strongest terms” Israel’s “intimidation and coercion” of vessels carrying “unarmed civilians and life-saving humanitarian supplies for Gaza”. Israel, he said in a post on X, had shown “utter contempt not only for the rights of the Palestinian people but also for the conscience of the world”. At least 12 Malaysian nationals are on the boats intercepted by Israel so far.

– Ireland’s Foreign Minister Simon Harris said he has spoken to European Union counterparts who are part of the Gaza flotilla after the raid by Israeli forces and the arrest of activists attempting to deliver aid by sea to the Palestinian territory. He called the Israeli action “very concerning”, describing the flotilla as “a peaceful mission to shine a light on a horrific humanitarian catastrophe”. Ireland’s Foreign Ministry said that its embassy in Tel Aviv was speaking with Israeli authorities. “Our focus now is on assisting citizens immediately impacted and their families. This will be the priority for our team over the coming hours,” the ministry said.

– Colombia’s President Gustavo Petro has expelled Israeli diplomats from the South American country in response to the Israeli detention of Gaza flotilla activists, including two Colombian nationals. In a post on X, Petro also said a free trade agreement between Colombia and Israel had been “denounced immediately”. He added, in a separate post: “Here Netanyahu demonstrates his worldwide hypocrisy and why he is a worldwide criminal who must be captured”.

– Venezuela’s Foreign Minister Yvan Gil said on Telegram that Israel’s move to stop the boats from getting to Gaza “exposes, once again, the criminal nature of the Zionist regime”. He added that “the blockade of humanitarian aid is a tool of deliberate war, the continuation of genocide by other means, seeking to annihilate the population by starvation to complement their indiscriminate bombings”.

– Türkiye’s Foreign Ministry has condemned Israel’s naval interception of the Sumud Flotilla. The ministry called Israel’s actions a “terrorist” act.

By Elizabeth Melimopoulos
https://www.aljazeera.com/news/2025/10/1/israel-intercepts-gaza-sumud-flotilla-vessels-what-we-know-so-far


 Esquerda (PT): Bloco MP Mariana Mortágua appeals for pressure on the Government

1 October 2025

Mariana Mortágua, Sofia Aparício and Miguel Duarte are being held by Israeli military forces who intercepted the humanitarian flotilla when it was just hours away from the Gaza Strip. [14]

The Bloco de Esquerda [15] requested meetings with the President of the Republic and the Minister of Foreign Affairs to guarantee the protection of the Portuguese delegation and the immediate release of the three activists.

In a video recorded before the detention, the Left Bloc coordinator asks citizens to contact the Portuguese Government to secure the release of the three Portuguese nationals on the flotilla and all participants in the humanitarian mission.

This pressure should be applied through mobilisations such as the one to be held this Thursday evening in nine Portuguese cities, but also through the petition addressed to Minister Paulo Rangel [16] demanding the immediate release of the activists detained by Israel and sanctions against Israel, both national and European, until its complete withdrawal from Gaza, the end of the blockade and compliance with United Nations resolutions on Palestinian self-determination.

In a note published on the Presidency website, it is announced that Marcelo Rebelo de Sousa [17] “confirmed with the Government that full consular support will be provided to the detained nationals through our Embassy in Tel Aviv, as is standard practice, particularly when it involves holders of sovereign office, as well as full support for their return to Portugal”.

Esquerda.net
https://www.esquerda.net/artigo/mariana-mortagua-apela-pressao-sobre-o-governo/96179


 Guardian: Greta Thunberg arrested and taken into custody after six of the flotilla’s boats were boarded

Thu 2 Oct 2025 03.50 CEST

A number of boats from a pro-Palestinian flotilla have been boarded by Israeli forces roughly 75 miles off the coast of Gaza, as the vessels attempted to breach the maritime blockade of the war-torn territory and bring aid.

The raid began with the flotilla’s leading vessel, Alma, whose crew were detained by Israeli soldiers on Wednesday. A video from the Israeli foreign ministry showed the most prominent of the flotilla’s passengers, Swedish climate campaigner Greta Thunberg, sitting on a deck surrounded by soldiers.

As of early Thursday, a total of 13 boats had been intercepted or stopped, according to the flotilla’s own ship tracking data, but organisers said the remaining vessels would “continue undeterred”, adding that they were 46 nautical miles (85km) away from their destination.

In a video message posted on Instagram shortly before the interception, Thunberg said: “My name is Greta Thunberg. I am onboard the ship Alma. We are about to be intercepted by Israel.”

Thunberg, along with other activists on the Alma, was arrested and taken into custody at the Israeli port of Ashdod. [18]

The Global Sumud Flotilla, [19] which consists of more than 40 civilian boats carrying about 500 parliamentarians, lawyers and activists including Thunberg, was heading towards Gaza bringing humanitarian aid despite repeated warnings from Israel to turn back.

The flotilla put out several videos on Telegram with messages from individuals aboard the various boats, some holding their passports stating that they have been abducted and taken to Israel against their will, and reiterating that their mission was a non-violent humanitarian cause.

The vessels were sailing in international waters north of Egypt on Wednesday afternoon when the interceptions began and had entered what has been described as a “danger zone” or “high risk zone”.

While still in international waters, it is an area where the Israeli navy has stopped other boats attempting to break its blockade in the past and which the flotilla had been warned not to cross.

About 7.25pm, roughly 20 Israeli naval ships approached the flotilla and ordered the boats to turn off their engines, activists said on social media. Live footage from the flotilla showed passengers seated in a semi-circle, wearing lifejackets as they awaited interception. The broadcast cut off shortly afterwards.

“Our vessels are being illegally intercepted,” a message on the flotilla’s Instagram page read on Wednesday evening. “Cameras are offline and vessels have been boarded by military personnel. We are actively working to confirm the safety and status of all participants onboard.”

Footage broadcast by Sky Italia showed activists on deck being hit by powerful jets of water. Those onboard said they also heard loud bangs near several of the boats, believed to be stun grenades dropped from drones.

The interceptions were confirmed by the Israeli foreign ministry, which said: “The Israeli navy has reached out to the Gaza aid flotilla and asked them to change course toward Israeli port of Ashdod where aid can be unloaded and transferred to Gaza Strip.”

Israel’s navy had previously warned the flotilla it was approaching an active combat zone and violating what it said was a lawful blockade, and asked them to change course. It had offered to transfer any aid peacefully through safe channels to Gaza and dismissed the missions as a stunt.

Italy’s foreign minister said on Wednesday that his Israeli counterpart had assured him the IDF [20] would not use violence against activists onboard the flotilla.

“The boarding was planned, we are talking about it … with [the Israeli foreign minister, Gideon Sa’ar] so that there would be no violent actions on the part of the Tel Aviv armed forces, and this has been assured to me,” Antonio Tajani said to the Italian TV broadcaster Rai.

“We instructed our embassy in Tel Aviv and the consulate in Jerusalem to assist all Italians who will probably be taken to Ashdod, but then will be expelled,” he added.

Thousands of people took to the streets across Italy in a wave of spontaneous protests after Israeli navy forces boarded the boats, with demonstrations in Bari, Bologna, Genoa, Milan, Naples, Pisa and Rome.

Italian trade unions also called for a general strike in support of Palestine on Friday.

Israel’s government has accused some of the flotilla members of being linked to Hamas, while providing no evidence to support the claim. Activists have strongly rejected the accusations and said Israel was trying to justify potential attacks on them.

European governments, including Spain and Italy, which had sent their navy ships to escort the flotilla during part of its journey, had urged the activists to turn back and avoid confrontation.

But whilst Italy’s prime minister, Giorgia Meloni, said late on Tuesday that the flotilla’s actions risked undermining Donald Trump’s recent proposal for resolving the war in Gaza, Spain’s prime minister defended the initiative.

“We must remember it is a humanitarian mission that wouldn’t be taking place if the Israeli government had allowed for the entry of aid,” Pedro Sánchez told reporters on Wednesday. Spaniards taking part would benefit from full diplomatic protection, he added.

If undisturbed, the flotilla, which began its journey from the Spanish port of Barcelona a month ago, was to reach the shores of Gaza by Thursday morning, the group said.

The naval blockade was imposed in 2009 by Israel, an intensification of its 2007 blockade of Gaza in response to Hamas seizing control of the territory. It has been condemned on numerous occasions by the UN, which has called it “a direct contravention of international human rights and humanitarian law”.

Yuval Shany, an expert on international law at Hebrew University in Jerusalem, said that as long as Israel’s blockade of Gaza is “militarily justified” – meant to keep out weapons – and the ship intended to break the siege, Israel can intercept the vessel after prior warning.

Whether the blockade is militarily justified, and its legality, are points of contention.

But the flotilla argues it is a civilian, unarmed group and that the passage of humanitarian aid is guaranteed in international law. Previous activist attempts to break the naval blockade on Gaza were stopped by force by the Israeli military.

In 2010, 10 Turkish activists were killed by Israeli commandos who raided the Mavi Marmara ship leading an aid flotilla towards Gaza. [21]


Related articles

– Gaza aid flotilla: more than a dozen vessels intercepted by Israeli forces; Greta Thunberg arrested – live

– Flotilla footage shows Gaza fleet being intercepted by Israeli military – video

– Pro-Palestine flotilla heading towards Gaza ’harassed by Israeli naval boats’

– We are sailing to Gaza. Here’s why

– Italian prime minister condemns drone attacks on Gaza aid flotilla boats

– Gaza aid flotilla carrying Greta Thunberg reports second drone attack in 24 hours

Guardian: Lorenzo Tondo in Palermo and agencies

Footnotes

[1] Ada Colau served as Mayor of Barcelona from 2015 to 2023 and is a prominent housing rights activist and co-founder of the Platform for People Affected by Mortgages (PAH).

[2] Confederazione Generale Italiana del Lavoro (Italian General Confederation of Labour), Italy’s largest and most historically significant trade union federation, founded in 1906

[3] Unione Sindacale di Base (Grassroots Trade Union), a radical left-wing Italian trade union confederation formed in the 1990s

[4] Miguel Duarte and Sofia Aparício are Portuguese activists; Mariana Mortágua is a member of Portugal’s parliament for the Bloco de Esquerda (Left Bloc)

[5] SIC is one of Portugal’s main television channels

[6] Paulo Rangel is Portugal’s Minister for Foreign Affairs

[7] The Bloco de Esquerda (Left Bloc) is a Portuguese left-wing political party

[8] Yom Kippur, the Day of Atonement, is the holiest day in the Jewish calendar, observed with fasting and prayer

[9] Under international humanitarian law, a blockade is only lawful if it allows sufficient humanitarian aid to reach the civilian population and does not cause disproportionate harm. The United Nations and international legal experts have repeatedly stated that Israel’s blockade of Gaza violates these principles.

[10] Hamas (Islamic Resistance Movement) is a Palestinian Islamist political organisation and militant group that won Palestinian legislative elections in 2006 and has governed Gaza since 2007. It is designated as a terrorist organisation by Israel, the United States, the European Union and other countries.

[11] Yom Kippur (Day of Atonement) is the holiest day in the Jewish calendar, a day of fasting, prayer and repentance. During this holiday, Israel effectively shuts down, with most businesses, public transport and government services suspended.

[12] Ashdod is a major port city on Israel’s Mediterranean coast, located about 40 kilometres south of Tel Aviv.

[13] Sumud is an Arabic word meaning “steadfastness” or “resilience”, widely used in Palestinian culture to describe the determination to remain on one’s land despite adversity.

[14] The Gaza Strip is a Palestinian territory under Israeli blockade since 2007, with a population of approximately 2 million people facing severe restrictions on the movement of people and goods.

[15] Left Bloc - a Portuguese radical left political party founded in 1999, currently the fifth largest party in the Portuguese parliament.

[16] Paulo Rangel is Portugal’s Minister of Foreign Affairs since April 2024.

[17] Marcelo Rebelo de Sousa has been President of Portugal since 2016.

[18] Ashdod is a major port city in southern Israel, located approximately 40 kilometres south of Tel Aviv on the Mediterranean coast.

[19] Sumud is an Arabic term meaning “steadfastness” or “perseverance”, commonly used in Palestinian resistance movements to describe resilience in the face of occupation.

[20] Israel Defence Forces, the military forces of Israel.

[21] The Mavi Marmara incident occurred on 31 May 2010 when Israeli naval forces stormed the Turkish-flagged ship in international waters. The raid sparked an international diplomatic crisis and led to a years-long rift between Turkey and Israel.

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