In recent years, Woody Guthrie’s This Land Is Your Land has become a rallying cry for immigrants. In July, after President Donald Trump tweeted that four Democratic congresswomen of colour needed to “go back where they came from,” Congresswoman Alexandria Ocasio-Cortez, one of the four targeted, responded with a tweet quoting Guthrie’s lyrics.

This land is your land,
This land is my land,
This land was made for you and me. #IStandWithIlhan https://t.co/LfQZYzKdHh

— Alexandria Ocasio-Cortez (@AOC) July 19, 2019

But not everyone sees the song as an anthem for inclusion.

In June, the Smithsonian’s online magazine, Folklife, published a piece that lambasted the song for its omissions.

The article, titled “This Land Is Whose Land?”, was written by folk musician Mali Obomsawin, a member of the Native American Abenaki tribe. She wrote of being shaken up “like a soda can” every time she heard the song’s lyrics.

She wrote: “In the context of America, a nation-state built by settler colonialism, Woody Guthrie’s protest anthem exemplifies the particular blind spot that Americans have in regard to Natives: American patriotism erases us, even if it comes in the form of a Leftist protest song. Why? Because this land was our land. Through genocide, broken treaties and a legal system created by and for the colonial interest, this land became American land.”

Obomsawin’s article immediately generated a flurry of responses from conservative media outlets.

“Commie Folksinger Woody Guthrie Not Woke Enough for Mob”, jeered Breitbart’s John Nolte, delighted with this evidence of internecine strife among what he dubbed the “fascist woketards” of the American Left. The Daily Wire’s Emily Zanotti soon joined the fray, penning a piece under the headline “This Land Is NOT Your Land: Woke Culture Now Demanding Woody Guthrie Be Canceled Over Folk Music Faux Pas”.

But Obomsawin and her conservative critics might be surprised to learn that some of Guthrie’s greatest champions have also had difficulties with the song.

As the author of three books on Guthrie, I sometimes wonder how the folksinger would respond to the criticism of This Land Is Your Land for its omissions.

While we can’t know for sure, a glance at some of his unpublished writings and recently discovered recordings can offer some clues.

A different tune

Pete Seeger, Guthrie’s colleague and protégé, was perhaps the most responsible for lodging This Land Is Your Land in the public consciousness. After Guthrie died in 1967, Seeger continued to perform the song all around the world.

At the same time, Seeger made it clear that he was sensitive to the theft of Native American lands.

In his memoir, Where Have All the Flowers Gone, Seeger recalled an incident during a 1968 performance:

“Jimmy Collier, a great young black singer from the Midwest, was asked to lead [This Land Is Your Land]. Henry Crowdog [sic] of the Sioux Indian delegation came up and punched his finger in Jimmy’s chest. ‘Hey, you’re both wrong. It belongs to me.’ Jimmy stopped and added seriously, ‘Should we not sing this song?’ Then a big grin came over Henry Crowdog’s face. ‘No, it’s okay. Go ahead and sing it. As long as we are all down here together to get something done.’”

Sometimes, in an attempt to ease his conscience when performing This Land, Seeger would add a verse penned by the singer and activist Carolyn “Cappy” Israel to acknowledge the theft of Native land:

“This land is your land, but it once was my land Before we sold you Manhattan Island You pushed my nation to the reservation, This land was stole by you from me.

Woody wasn’t oblivious

Was Guthrie himself uncomfortable with the song’s glaring failure to acknowledge the facts of settler colonialism?

There’s no record of his views on the issue. But we do know that he was very aware of – and concerned with – the history of Native American dispossession.

For example, he was angry enough with his cousin, the country singer “Oklahoma Jack” Guthrie, for claiming credit for a song that Woody had written, titled Oklahoma Hills. But as Woody wrote in an unpublished annotation to the lyrics, Jack had also left out “the best parts of the whole song” – the names of “the Chickasaw, Choctaw, Cherokee, Creek and Seminole” who had prior claim to the lands of Oklahoma.

Then there’s a soundbite in a posthumously discovered live recording from 1949. “They used dope, they used opium, they used every kind of a trick to get these Indians to sign over their lands,” Guthrie says to the crowd.

One of these real estate tricksters was actually Woody’s own father, Charley Guthrie. As biographer and journalist Joe Klein writes in Woody Guthrie: A Life, “Because he was able to speak both Creek and Cherokee, Charley became known as especially adept at relieving Indians of their property”.

How did Charley learn these Native tongues? Was it possible that the Guthries had Native ancestors?

In a tantalisingly vague 1950 letter to activist Stetson Kennedy, Woody notes “the rainbow blends” of his own bloodline, including “pure virgin island negro” and unnamed “Indian tribe lines”.

And in an unpublished poem entitled Sweety Black Girl, written the same year, Guthrie writes: “My blood beats Spanish and my breath burns Indian and my soul boils negro.”

Guthrie admitted that he was ashamed of his father’s disreputable real estate practices. And while he may have idealised his own genealogy, there’s no doubt that he was fully aware of “whose land was whose”.

Guthrie as an ally

Interestingly, not all Native Americans view the song in the same light as Obomsawin. The song has proved adaptable and malleable enough to enable some Native American artists to work with it.

In 2007, the Anishinaabe songwriter and musician Keith Secola sang his Ojibwa-language version of This Land on the album Native Americana – A Coup Stick.

Secola said in an interview that his version “reflects a worldview, of being a part of the world and not detached from it. Woody was into people creating their own stories...That’s what I got from him – how to apply this strategy, this procedure of songwriting, to the topics that affect American Indians”.

A few years before Secola’s cover, two of Guthrie’s previously unpublished songs – Indian Corn Song and Mean Things Happenin’ in This World – were recorded by the Navajo siblings, Klee, Clayson and Jeneda Benally.

“We wanted to keep the spirit of Woody Guthrie alive,” Clayton said in a 2012 interview. “He wrote songs about the Dust Bowl and unions, but he also wrote about American Indian issues.”

Clayson noted that Indian Corn Song was one of his favourite songs to play because in it Guthrie “talks about wastefulness and how Indigenous people are...living off the planet in a balanced way”.

Mali Obomsawin might take heart from Secola, the Benally siblings and the other artist-activists who have adopted and adapted This Land Is Your Land.

Woody Guthrie might not have been perfect, they say, but we don’t need to – as they say – cancel him.

We’ll work with him instead.

Will Kaufman is a professor of American Literature and Culture at the University of Central Lancashire.

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Will Kaufman
The Conversation

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